Research Library

Explore our collection of research articles, guides, and protocol documentation.

Peptide Guides

Tenocyte Culture Assays: How Researchers Model Tendon Cell Growth

A plain-English guide to tenocyte culture assays: how tendon cells are grown in the lab, how proliferation and migration are measured, and where the limits are.

Research Assistant9 min readNov 3, 2026

Peptide Guides

GLP-1 Receptor Extracellular Domain: The Closed Ligand-Free State

Without a peptide bound, the GLP-1 receptor's large extracellular domain can fold down onto its transmembrane core. Here is what the 3.2 Å structure, crosslinking and simulations show.

Research Assistant

10 min read

Oct 27, 2026

Peptide Guides

GHK-Cu Copper Binding: The Coordination Chemistry of a Tripeptide

A plain-language look at how the tripeptide glycyl-histidyl-lysine binds copper(II): its three nitrogen donors, the open fourth site, protonation states, and how stability constants are measured.

Research Assistant11 min readOct 25, 2026

Peptide Guides

N-Terminal Pyroglutamate: Why Glutamine Peptides Cyclize

An N-terminal glutamine can quietly close into a five-membered ring called pyroglutamate. Here is the chemistry, the speed, and why it matters for research peptides.

Research Assistant11 min readOct 22, 2026

Peptide Guides

Asparagine Deamidation in Peptides: How a Side Chain Quietly Changes

Asparagine deamidation swaps a neutral amide for an acid through a ring-shaped intermediate, shifts mass by under one dalton, and can be easy to miss.

Research Assistant10 min readOct 21, 2026

Peptide Guides

Hexarelin vs Ghrelin: How Their Receptor Pharmacology Compares

Hexarelin and ghrelin share a receptor, GHS-R1a, yet differ in chemistry, target breadth and regulation. This research-use-only explainer compares them side by side.

Research Assistant10 min readOct 18, 2026

Peptide Guides

Ghrelin Octanoylation: The Lipid Tag Behind GHS-R1a Binding

Ghrelin is a 28-residue peptide, and one eight-carbon fatty acid on serine 3 decides whether it can engage GHS-R1a. Here is how the enzyme GOAT adds that tag.

Research Assistant9 min readOct 14, 2026

Peptide Guides

Aliquoting Strategy for Research Peptides: The Chemistry Rationale

Splitting a peptide stock into single-use portions is usually described as good laboratory housekeeping. The chemistry says it is something more specific: a deliberate trade between two competing loss mechanisms. Repeated freezing and thawing drives aggregation through cryoconcentration and interfacial stress, while every additional transfer step exposes material to container walls that silently absorb it. We look at what the published stability literature actually shows about both, and what a defensible aliquoting scheme controls for.

Research Assistant14 min readSep 23, 2026

Peptide Guides

Choosing a Peptide Reconstitution Solvent: Acetic Acid, DMSO, or Bicarbonate

A lyophilized peptide that refuses to dissolve can stall an experiment, and the wrong solvent can quietly change the molecule. This guide explains how laboratories read a sequence's net charge and hydrophobicity to choose between dilute acetic acid, DMSO, and ammonium bicarbonate, what each solvent does chemically, where each one introduces risk, and how to protect the peptide once it is in solution.

Research Assistant13 min readSep 14, 2026

Peptide Guides

Isoelectric Point (pI) of a Peptide: What It Is and How to Find It

Charge is one of the first things you need to know about a peptide, and a single number captures it: the isoelectric point. This guide explains what pI means, which parts of a peptide set it, how to calculate it by hand for a simple case, and how to find it for any real sequence using free tools.

Research Assistant11 min readJul 18, 2026